viii
Contents
3.1.2
Organization of PLC Access Networks
41
3.1.3
Structure of In-home PLC Networks
47
3.1.4
Complex PLC Access Networks
48
3.1.5
Logical Network Models
50
3.2
Features of PLC Transmission Channel
52
3.2.1
Channel Characterization
52
3.2.2
Characteristics of PLC Transmission Cable
53
3.2.3
Modeling of the PLC Channel
54
3.3
Electromagnetic Compatibility of PLC Systems
55
3.3.1
Different Aspects of the EMC
56
3.3.2
PLC EM Disturbances Modeling
61
3.3.3
EMC Standards for PLC Systems
65
3.4
Disturbance Characterization
70
3.4.1
Noise Description
70
3.4.2
Generalized Background Noise
71
3.4.3
Impulsive Noise
73
3.4.4
Disturbance Modeling
74
3.5
Summary
76
4
Realization of PLC Access Systems
79
4.1
Architecture of the PLC Systems
79
4.2
Modulation Techniques for PLC Systems
82
4.2.1
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
82
4.2.2
Spread-Spectrum Modulation
89
4.2.3
Choice of Modulation Scheme for PLC Systems
95
4.3
Error Handling
97
4.3.1
Overview
97
4.3.2
Forward Error Correction
98
4.3.3
Interleaving
108
4.3.4
ARQ Mechanisms
111
4.4
PLC Services
114
4.4.1
PLC Bearer Service
114
4.4.2
Telecommunications Services in PLC Access Networks
115
4.4.3
Service Classification
121
4.5
Summary
123
5
PLC MAC Layer
125
5.1
Structure of the MAC Layer
125
5.1.1
MAC Layer Components
125
5.1.2
Characteristics of PLC MAC Layer
126
5.1.3
Requirements on the PLC MAC Layer
126
5.2
Multiple Access Scheme
128
5.2.1
TDMA
129
5.2.2
FDMA
132
5.2.3
CDMA
135
5.2.4
Logical Channel Model
150