x
CONTENTS
6.6
Regenerative Repeaters
121
6.7
PCM System Enhancements
122
6.7.1
Enhancements to DS1
122
6.7.2
Enhancements to E1
122
6.8
Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems
122
6.8.1
Introduction
122
6.8.2
Stuffing and Justification
122
6.8.3
North American Higher-Level Multiplex
123
6.8.4
European E1 Digital Hierarchy
124
6.9
Long-Distance PCM Transmission
126
6.9.1
Transmission Limitations
126
6.9.2
Jitter and Wander
127
6.9.3
Distortion
127
6.9.4
Thermal Noise
127
6.9.5
Crosstalk
128
6.10
Digital Loop Carrier
128
6.10.1
New Versions of DSL
128
6.11
Digital Switching
128
6.11.1
Advantages and Issues of Digital Switching
128
6.11.2
Approaches to PCM Switching
129
6.11.3
Review of Some Digital Switching Concepts
135
6.12
Digital Network
137
6.12.1
Introduction
137
6.12.2
Technical Requirements of the Digital Network
137
6.12.3
Digital Network Performance Requirements
142
Review Exercises
145
References
146
Chapter 7
Signaling
149
7.1
What Is the Purpose of Signaling?
149
7.2
Defining the Functional Areas
149
7.2.1
Supervisory Signaling
149
7.2.2
Address Signaling
150
7.2.3
Call Progress: Audible-Visual
150
7.3
Signaling Techniques
150
7.3.1
Conveying Signaling Information
150
7.3.2
Evolution of Signaling
151
7.3.3
Subscriber Call Progress Tones and Push-Button
Codes (North America)
158
7.4
Compelled Signaling
158
7.5
Concepts of Link-by-Link Versus End-to-End Signaling
160
7.6
Effects of Numbering on Signaling
161
7.7
Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling
162
7.8
Signaling in the Subscriber Loop
164
7.8.1
Background and Purpose
164
7.9
Metallic Trunk Signaling
165
7.9.1
Basic Loop Signaling
165
Summary :
x CONTENTS 6.6 Regenerative Repeaters 121 6.7 PCM System Enhancements 122 6.7.1 Enhancements to DS1 122 6.7.2 Enhancements to E1 122 6.8 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems 122 6.8.1 Introduction 122 6.8.2 Stuffing and Justification 122 6.8.3 North American Higher-Level Multiplex 123 6.8.4 European E1 Digital Hierarchy 124 6.9 Long-Distance PCM Transmission 126 6.9.1 Transmission Limitations 126 6.9.2 Jitter and Wander 127 6.9.3 Distortion 127 6.9.4 Thermal Noise 127 6.9.5 Crosstalk 128 6.10 Digital Loop Carrier 128 6.10.1 New Versions of DSL 128 6.11 Digital Switching 128 6.11.1 Advantages and Issues of Digital Switching 128 6.11.2 Approaches to PCM Switching 129 6.11.3 Review of Some Digital Switching Concepts 135 6.12 Digital Network 137 6.12.1 Introduction 137 6.12.2 Technical Requirements of the Digital Network 137 6.12.3 Digital Network Performance Requirements 142 Review Exercises 145 References 146 Chapter 7 Signaling 149 7.1 What Is the Purpose of Signaling?
Tags :
digital,122,128,149,pcm,switching,150,enhancements,network,loop,127,137,126