650
INDEX
analog associated channel signaling, 162f
analog-channel digital transmission, 267278
modulation-demodulation schemes in, 267268
analog signals, information content of, 107
analog transmission, 29
analog TV signal, PCM signal development from,
418
analog voice channel, 89
angle of incidence, 232, 233f
angular degrees, 28
of rotation, 25
angular frequency, 268
ANSI frame relay, 330
ANSI/IEEE LAN protocols, 295298
logical link control, 297298
relation to OSI, 295297
Answered operating condition, 157
antenna aperture, increasing, 214. See also very-
small-aperture terminal (VSAT) networks
antenna noise, 224
antenna separation, space diversity, 466
Appended bit, 135
applications, in troubleshooting, 543
a priori knowledge, 19
area codes, 6, 67, 175
ARP (address resolution protocol), 321322
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network), 319
ARP cache, 323
ARQ error correction, 257258
aspect ratio, 404, 406
associated channel signaling, 162163
associated mode of signaling, 362
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 128
asynchronous balanced mode (ABM), HDLC,
284285
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 490, 511538.
See also ATM entries
cell delineation and scrambling, 520
cell structure, 516520
cell transport, 533537
connection-oriented and connectionless services,
526528
defined, 513
layering and B-ISDN, 521526
network management in, 568571
quality of service, 531532
routing and switching, 528530
signaling requirements, 530
traffic/congestion control, 532533
user-network interface and architecture, 514516
asynchronous transmission, 260261
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph), 16
AT&T digital data system (DDS), 277278
AT&T 5ESS switch, 136
ATM adaptation layer (AAL), 523526
AAL-0 category, 524
AAL-1 category, 524
AAL-2 category, 524525
AAL-3/4 categories, 525526
AAL-5 category, 526
ATM cells, 516520
cell loss priority field, 519
generic flow control field, 517518
header for, 528
header error control field, 519520
idle, 520
mapping into SDH, 536
mapping into SONET, 537
payload-type field, 519
routing field, 518
structure of, 516517
transporting, 533537
ATM convergence sublayer, MAC, 350
ATM layering, 521526
ATM link, 512
ATM nodes, 527
atmospheric absorption, 226
ATM reference model, 514
ATM switching, 527
attendingalerting local switch function, 70
attenuation (loss), 32
coaxial cable, 245246
distortion, 45, 46, 269, 270f
of loaded loops, 98
attenuation (loss) limits
calculating, 9697
subscriber loop, 9495
attenuator, 32
audible-visual call progress signaling, 149, 150
audio feedback, 52
audio program channel, 413
AUIs, MAC frame, 303
authentication header, SNMP, 557
authorization key (AK) update protocol, 358
automatic alternative routing (AAR), 183184
automatic equalization, 276
automatic line build-out (ALBO) networks, 121
"automatic protection switching" techniques, 342
automatic rerouting (crankback, ARR), 184, 185
automatic telephone switching systems, 7172
Autovon (automatic voice network), 192
available frequency bands, satellite communication,
219220
available time, 199
avalanche photodiode (APD), 238239
average, 60
average busy season busy hour (ABSBH), 57
back porch, 408
backward direction signaling, 150, 161
backward explicit congestion notification (BECN)
bit, 331, 333, 335, 511
backward indicator bit (BIB), 371
backward information messages, 384
backward sequence number (BSN), 370, 371
balanced configuration, HDLC, 284
balance return loss, 77, 78, 189
balancing (impedance matching), 7677
balancing network (N), 76f, 77
bandwidth, 34, 330
better use of, 328
cellular radio, 468
grant per connection, 355
grant per subscriber station, 355
modem selection and, 273, 274
multiplexing and, 7879
radio system, 196
RF, 3637
television, 403, 406
3-dB power, 34f
of a twisted pair, 34
bandwidth request message, 356f
bandwidth requests, types of, 355356