664
INDEX
Network Operation Center (NOC), 554
network overload, 550
network protocol software, in troubleshooting, 543
network-PSTN compatibility, 541
network resource management (NRM), 532
networks. See also digital networks; frame relay;
local networks; long-distance network design;
network synchronization
grade of service for, 58
automatic line build-out, 121
lifespan of, 345
line build-out, 103
multilevel, 545f
packet-switched, 318
size of, 8
structure of, 137
network synchronization, 137139
methods of, 139141
network time bases, 540
network topologies, 1013, 181
hierarchical network rules, 1112
trend away from hierarchical structure, 13
network traffic management (NTM). See also NTM
center
controls on, 551553
functions of, 550551
principles of, 549
network troubleshooting, 542544
rapid, 542
network utilization, in troubleshooting, 543
neutral dc transmission, 258259
neutral transmission, 264f, 2655
Newbridge network monitoring equipment,
545546
19H66 cable, 98
nodes, 3
noise, 4851, 626, 627628
crosstalk, 5051
in data transmission, 269271
impulse, 50
intermodulation, 4950
thermal, 4849
noise accumulation, in FDM systems, 85
noise advantage, 629
noise figure (NF), 206, 224, 225
of a receiver, 49
noise peak recurrence rate, 271
noise spikes (hits), 50
noise temperature, 223224, 225
noise units, 628629
noise weighting, 436
"no links in tandem" connectivities, 174
nonassociated mode of signaling, 362
noncoincident busy hour, 14
noncompelled signaling, 159
nonhierarchical routing, 182
non-LOS path propagation, 480
nonsequential route selection, 183
nonuniform numbering, 161, 162
normal distribution curve, 61
normal response mode (NRM)
HDLC, 284
Nortel DMS-100 switch, 135, 136f
with supernode/ENET, 136137
North America. See also United States
cordless telephones in, 481
multifrequency signaling in, 155
subscriber call progress tones and push-button
codes in, 158
North American higher-level multiplex, 123124
North American loop design rules, 101102
North American network
holdover and slip performance, 141
synchronization plan stratum levels, 140141
North American Numbering Plan (NANP), 6
North American PCM standard, 108, 109, 114
north pole, 586
notation, 603604
Notify command, 400
NPA (numbering plan area) codes, 6
NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero) coding, 263264, 265
NTM center, 548549
null context, 398
numbering
effects on signaling, 161162
trunk, 9
numbering capacity, theoretical, 6
numbering plan areas (NPAs), in long-distance
network design, 175
Nyquist bandwidth, 271
Nyquist rate, 447
Nyquist sampling theorem, 108109
OC-N electrical signals, 490, 493, 500501
octets, 387, 388, 490
odd parity, 255
Oersted, Hans Christian, 20
off-contour loss, 226
offered traffic, 56, 61
off-hook condition, 4, 68, 92, 95
minimum loop current during, 96
office, 11
ohm, 34, 35
Ohm's law, 577580
in ac circuits, 597599
Okumura/Hata radio propagation model, 463464
one-frequency signaling, 151
one-way circuits, 910
on-hook condition, 68, 92
open systems interconnection (OSI), 280284
LAN protocols and, 295297
relation to TCP/IP with IEEE 802 LAN
protocol, 322f
relationship to IEEE 802.15.1 standard, 345f
Signaling System No. 7 relationship to, 363,
364f
TCP/IP and, 319f
operational signaling data link, 367
operation modes, HDLC, 284285
operations and maintenance (OAM), data channel,
548
operations systems function (OSF) block, 565
optical detector, 36
optical distance, 198
optical fiber
amplifiers for, 239240
splices and connectors for, 234236
transmission capacity of, 240
as a transmission medium, 232234
types of, 234
optical horizon formula, 198
optimization, in network management, 539
ordered delivery protocol function, 279, 284
orderwire, 500