INDEX
671
switched multimegabit data service (SMDS), 490,
511, 524
switches, availability of, 59
switching, 28, 55. See also switches; telephone
switching
signaling and, 151
switching center levels, 178
switching congestion, inhibiting, 549
switching delays, 551
switching hubs, 311312
switching matrix SPC function, 73
switching nodes, ways to convey signals between,
195
switching requirements, in long-distance network
design, 173174
switching system overload, 550551
switch size, traffic intensity and, 5567
switch supervisory limit, 98
symbols, 603604
period of, 263264
symbols per second, 263
synchronization, 260
synchronizing (sync) pulses, 408409
synchronous code division multiple access
(S-CDMA), 452
synchronous data transmission, 261262
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 196, 489,
501508. See also SONET/SDH frame
interface and frame structure, 502508
mapping ATM cells into, 536
synchronous payload envelope (SPE), STS-1, 491f
synchronous transport module (STM), 502. See
also STM entries
syntax notation one (ASN.1) specification
language, 555
system impairments, CATV, 434441
system levels, 51
T1 digital systems, 544547
T1 digital techniques, 101102
T1 frame rate, 545
talk battery, 93
"talk-down," in-band signaling, 152
tandem connectivity, 7
tandem exchange, 12
tandem links, 174175
tandem networks, equalization and, 276
tandem switches, in local area connectivity, 7
tandem/transit exchange, 68
tap device, 433, 440441
TASO (Television Allocations Study Organization),
45, 409, 437
TCP (transmission control protocol), 284, 324327
mechanisms of, 325326
relationship to other layered protocols, 325f
TCP connection, 325
TDMA burst frame format, 221f. See also Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
TDMA bursts, 353
TDMA frame, 470f
TDM bursts, 353
TDM systems, 85
Telcordia, 16
error performance parameters, 142143
telecommunication(s), 1, 19, 540
exchange and interexchange, 16
standardization in, 1516
Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA), 15
telecommunication management network (TMN),
554, 564568
functional architecture of, 565568
telecommunication planning period, 102
telecommunications network, 195f
level in, 5152
Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the
ITU (ITU-T), 15
telegraph, 20
as a form of long-distance communication, 21,
22f
conveying intelligence over, 2223
dry cell batteries and, 2021
electrical, 2123
telegraph circuit, 21, 22f, 22f
with ground return, 23f
telegraph hills, 20
telephone calls
routing, 150
supervisory information on, 149150
telephone channel, 78
telephone circuit, with two-wire to four-wire
operation, 187f
telephone density, 176
telephone network. See also public switched
telecommunications network (PSTN)
frequency response of, 91f
signaling in, 149
telephone number, 4, 56
portability of, 5
telephones
loudness, 14, 43
off-hook, 4
ringing, 45, 14
telephone subscriber loop design, 93102. See also
subscriber loop
"cookbook" methods for, 98102
extending the loop, 9798
loop length limits, 9495
process of, 9597
telephone subset operation, 9193
earpiece (receiver), 91, 93
mouthpiece (transmitter), 91, 93
telephone switches, line appearances of, 70, 71f
telephone switching, 6774
automatic systems, 7172
basic requirements, 6768
common control (hard-wired), 73
concentration/expansion, 68, 70, 71
essential functions of a local switch, 6870
functional elements of, 7071
remote, 74
stored program control, 7374
telephone timeout, 150
telephone traffic, 57
carrying, 57
measurement of, 5758
telephone transmission, 7578
hybrid device, 7678
two-wire and four-wire, 7576
telephone user part (TUP), 364, 381, 382384
Telepoint, 482
television. See also video entries
interfacing standards for, 403
picture quality, 45
reception services, 433